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Anoop Chandola (University of Chicago)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE :\ii
LIST OF PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES iv
LIST OF TRANSFORMATIONS vi
INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter
- PHRASE STRUCTURE 10
- TRANSFORMATIONS U?
III. ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE SENTENCES IN TERMS OF
THE RULES 76
APPENDICES
- PHONEMES 83
- TEXTS 8$
III. A SAMPLE VERB PARADIGM . 99
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 101
iii
LIST OF PHEASE STRUCTURE RULES
Page
- Sentence (S) 9
- Predicate (PD) 11
- Verbal Phrase (VP) 16
k* Noun Phrase (Worn) 26
- Transitive Verb Phrase (Vtr) 36
- Intransitive Verb Phrase (V^) [|1
- Tenses (TS) 2+2
- Auxiliary Verbs (AX)k3
- Auxiliary Verbs (AX) U3
- Time Adverb (Tm) ]4l
- Nominal Time Adverb (Nom^m)
- The Postposition ma (Pm) Ii5
- Locative Adverb (Loc) ……. US
lU. The Locative Postposition par (PJ^Q) U5
l£. Manner Adverb (Man) ….. US
- The Manner Postposition n (Pman) ……. 15
- The Postpositional Phrase (PP) …………… U6
- Noun (N) U6
- Adjective (Adj) U6
- Copular Verb (Vc) JU6
- Intransitive Verb—Class 1 (V.jj_) U6
- Intransitive Verb—Class 2 (V^) 1+6
iv
LIST OF PHEASE STRUCTURE RULES—Continued
Page
- Intransitive Verb—Class 3 (V^) U6
2iu Transitive Verb (V^) U6
2£. Transitive Verb (Vp) b6
- Transitive Verb (V+) U6
v
LIST OF TRM SFORMATION S
Page
Topt 1. Transitivization 1; 7
Topt 2. Gausativization …………… 50
Topt 3. Passive 52
Topt h» The Passive of the Auxiliary ja . 57
Tob 1. The Passive of the Auxiliary sak 58
Tob 2, Replacement of ja by cal 58
Topt 5. Adjective Adjunction ……………… 59
Topt 6. Verbal Adjectivalization with ja 60
Topt 7. Verbal Adjectivalization with hog, r>h 6l
Topt 8. Adjunction of R 65
Tob 3. Deletion with r^h 66
Topt 9. Verbal Adjectivalization with ho2 67
Topt 10. Verbal Adjectivalization with por 67
Topt 11. Complement with de 68
Topt 12. Complements with lag, bxhth 69
Tob U. Adjunction of the Postposition n 70
Tob 5. Adjunction of the Postposition 72
Topt 13. Complement with pD 72
Tob 7. Adjunction of the Oblique Case Ending 7k
vi
INTRODUCTION
In Garhwali the finite verb phrase may contain one or more verbs.
A verb phrase which contains more than one verb will be called a compound
verb construction or, simply a verb combination. Thus a verb in such a
construction can appear before another verb in the following manner:
(a) verb stem + verb-tense.
(b) verb-tense + verb-tense.
(c) verb-the suffix n + verb-tense.
The goal of our study is to present a sketch of these three types
from the syntactic point of view. The CS (constituent structure) rules have
been developed here to account for the syntax of these types. In a more detailed
grammar, our rules will require some modifications.
The verb cal ‘go, move1 is conjugated in a non-compound verb construction
in Rule 7.
The optional transformations (Topt) and obligatory transformations
are numbered separately. Wherever we have a double base transformational
rule the upper constituent to the left of the rule sentence is the embedding
one and the lower constituent sentence is the embedded one.
Now let us see the behavior, for example, of cal ‘go, move’ in the
above-mentioned verb combinations.
The (a) type has two sub-types:
(ai) The second verb is a kind of modal and it is labelled an auxiliaiy
verb. Thus if we have:
1
1) mi cald:>
‘I go.’
(The suffix-d- in the verb is the ‘present.’)
We can make:
2) mi cal salcdo
I go am-able
‘I can go.’
3) mi cal jadt>
I go ja-present
‘I go (slightly unexpectedly and relatively sooner).’
The meaning given in the parentheses in 3) is the contribution of the
auxiliary verb ja in jado .
(aii) The second verb is a transitivizing morpheme which is added to the main
verb of an underlying simple sentence. Thus,
- U) ram mih tat cal ^ d
Ram me to moves
- Ram moves me.’
has the underlying simple sentence:
5) mi caldo
- I go.’
6) ram mxh mah gari cal 3 d
Ram me in vehicle makes-move
‘Ram makes me move the vehicle”
has the underlying simple sentence:
7) mi gari calo d =>
I vehicle move
‘I drive the vehicle’ (or ‘I move the vehicle’).
3
Example U) is an example of a derived transitive verb, and example 6)
is & eausative verb. If we consider these two cases to be transformationallyderived,
our dictionary becomes considerably smaller. Otherwise, we have to
make three entries in the dictionary:
cal ‘go, move1
cal^ ‘move (something)’
calr> ’cause to move (something)’
or
chut ‘leave’
chor ‘leave (something)’
chur:> ‘ cause to leave (something)’
and so on. I have treated such cases purely transformationally. This will
require the dictionary to list, for example, only cal and chut, and not cal:> ,
calD and chori> •‘ chu»r D also.
In type (b) the tense of the last verb carries the gender-numberperson
features of the grammatical subject according to the concord rule.
However, the tense of the preceding verb carries only the gender-number
features in such a case. Thus,
8) n^hnu cald
‘The boy goes.’
9) n^hni cald
‘The girl goes.’
10) mi caldo’
‘I go.’
11) nohna caldan
‘The boys go,r
and so on.
h
But now we add another verb to cal-Tense:
12) n^hnu caldu rahd
boy going keeps-on
‘The boy keeps on going.1
13) nshni caldi rohd
‘The girl keeps on going.1
Ih) mi caldu rjhd?
- I keep on going1 (where mi is masculine).
l£) mi caldi :£?hd3*
‘I keep on going1 (where mi is feminine).
16) nohna calda r^hdan
‘The boys keep on going.1
We cannot say:
17) * n?hnu cald r^hd
18) * mi caldo rShds”
19) * nohna caldan r^hdan
and so on.
All the tense marked morphemes, except for the subjunctive, future,
and imperative, may occur before another verb in this way, e.g.:
20) nshnu cali holu
‘The boy must have gone1
(-i in cali is the ‘past1 marker),
21) nshnan caln holu
‘The boy may have to go home1
(-n in caln is the ‘ aspect’).
5
But not:
22) * nahnu calalu holu
(-1- in calalu is the 1 future1)
and so on.
Adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number only. The present
tense with gender-number marked, and the past tense R (R is a suffix denoting
1recentness1) again with gender-number marks rs can also be prenominalized
(reordered and put in prenominal position) as can adjectives
when they occur in certain other sentences, e.g.
23) n^hnu caldu holu
‘The boy will be going1
can be ‘prenominalized1 (i.e., treated like an adjective occurring before its
noun head) as:
2h) caldu n>hnu
- The going boy
Similarly,
25) n?hni caldi holi
- The girl >411 be going1
can be prenominalized as:
26) caldi iv>hni
- The going girl ‘
Likewise, any adjective also can be prenominalized, e.g.j
27) nshnu kalu holu
boy dark will-be
- The boy will be dark.1
28) kaltt n^hnu
‘The dark boy .1
. 6
29) rohni kali holi
- The girl will be dark.’
30) kali mhni
- The dark girl .’
To explain this kind of formal and semantic parallelism between
adjectives and non-terminal tenses (that is, tenses which occur before another
verb), I consider the non-terminal tense as an adjectivalized tense and, as
such, a transformation. Thus, the constituent structure of our grammar becomes
much simpler.
In the type (c) the preceding verb is followed by the suffix n,
e.g.*
31) n^hnu dehra jan lagi
Boy home to-go began
‘The boy began to go home’
where the verb ja ‘go’ has the suffix n which is followed by the verb lag
plus i (-i is the ‘past’). Thus -n should not be confused with the oblique
of the infinitive suffix -nu. The infinitive suffix -nu nominalizes the • •
verb, e.g.,
32) ram dehra jad
Ram home goes
‘Ram goes home’
could be nominalized as
33) ram? dehra janu
Ram’s home going
‘Ram’s going home 1
(where indicates the rest of the sentence).
7
A*
3H) ram kam karnu cahd
Ram work to-do wants
- Ram wants to do work’
in which kam karnu is the nominalized object of the transitive verb cah
- want’ in cahd. Here the underlying simple sentence (which is nominalized
in 3U) is
35) ram kam kard
‘Ram does work*’
Notice that 33) could be put as:
36) ram cahd ki (u) kam karu
Ram wants that (he) work should-do
‘Ram wants to do work’
where ‘he’ refers to ‘Ram.’ (It is interesting to note that in Garhwali it
is not possible to say in the way it can be said in English. ‘Ram wants John
to [do] work.1 In this case, the u ‘he’ in 35) could refer to John also and
would, therefore, be ambiguous.)
The relationship which exists between 3b) and 36) is not found for
the suffix -nvin sentence of type (c). Secondly, the oblique of the infinitive
suffix -•nu has the oblique form -n• . A noun can occur in the oblique
only before a postposition, e.g., if a postposition, for exainple, se ‘by’ occurs
after janu as in 33), we will have the oblique of it as jan, e.g.:
37) rama dehra jan se
‘By Ram’s going home ‘
But in type (c), there is no postposition after the suffix -n. It would be
uneconomical and unnatural (intuitively) to assume a postposition after jah
in 31) which would be deleted by a transformational rule. For example, we
can say:
8
38) ram kam par lagi
Ram work on attached
‘Ram attached himself to work’
(that is, ‘Ram became involved in work’) where par ‘on1 is a
postposition.
But we cannot say:
.39) * r^m dehra jan par lagi
Even if we assume that 31) ram dehra jln lagi (‘Ram began to go home’) is derived
from 39) by deleting par, the number of rules increases unnecessarily.
Also the meaning of lag is not matched in 31) and 38).
I, therefore, consider the suffix -n in the type (c) as different
from the infinitive suffix -nu (and its oblique -n). Thus, 31) is derived
only by one rule as;
lj.0) ram – Comp – lagi
A/
ram dehra jad
‘Ram goes home’
ram dehra jan lagi
IRam began to go home*
where Comp is ‘complement* and is filled by ‘ram dehra ja’ of the second
sentence to which -n is added in the output. The details will be given later.
(See Topt 12.)
The infinitive suffix -nu involves nominalization and we will not deal
with nominalizations in the present study.
Garhwali is closely related to Hindi, (i consider myself a native
speaker of Hindi, as well as Garhwali.) The three types I have discussed in
the present study are found in Hindi too. Thus, the rules given here could
very well be considered to be rules in a grammar of Hindi. However, Hindi,
9
being spoken in a much wider area, has many more auxiliary verbs and auxiliary
verb constructions. Thus, Hindi would require some additional rules, and a
few Garhwali rules would have to be modified slightly in order to have a
common grammar. Otherwise, the transformations, such as those applying to
causatives, derived transitives, pseudo-passives, complements of various
verbs and adjectivalizations are exactly the same. The morphophonemic
output for the two languages would be partly common, and partly different.
We will not go into this subject further here.
CHAPTER I
PHRASE STRUCTURE
1, S—> Nora + PD,
Nom = nominal.
PD = predicate.
The Nominal functions as subject in this rule. The underlined words are
Norn and the rest are PD. Ex.
1) n=»hnu dehra jalu
Boy home will-go
‘The boy will go home.1
2) ram kapra paehrd
Ram clothes wears
‘Ram wears clothes.1
3) raman sita dehkhi
Ram Sita saw
‘Ram saw Sita.’
- k) dal itn.£h chgj.
bean just-this-much was
‘The beans were just this much.’
- S) kuch g’K ka log uh dehkhnu aa.n
Some village of people them for seeing came
‘Some people of the village came to see them.’
10
11
6) ~ek pandaji cha
One Pandi was
- There was a Brahmin.’
7) pandaji bara sihdha ar bhakt adim cha
The-Brahmin very simple and religious man was
‘The Brahmin was a very simple and religious man.’
8) ku dehra jad
Who home goes
PD —> ( Tm) Loc)
who goes home.
(Man) VP(AX)
TS
^m :* time adverbial.
Loc = : locative adverbial.
A’fiLj : ; adjective.
Man -: manner adverbial.
VP : : verbal phrase.
AX := auxiliary verbal phrase
TS = s tense.
The verb ho2 ‘be’ has been separated from the rest of the Verbal
Phrases for the following reasons:
- a) hog unlike other verbs cannot be followed by (other) auxiliary (AX)
verbs.
- b) hc>2 itself is the terminal verb, whereas the other verbs can be
followed fcy hc>2, e.g.,
12
1) ram raja band
Ram king becomes
- Ram becomes king’
which can be expanded:
2) ram raja bani cho
Ram king become had
‘Ram had become king.’
But not
* n^hnu sundar ch-> cha
In certain transforms we have to delete h02 which is not the case for
all other verbs, e.g.,
3) mi ram t £ dehkhlu \
I ram to will-see /
‘I will see Ram.’ /
ram raja ca
Ram king is
‘Ram is king.’
whereas any other verb, for example, ban ‘become’ cannot be deleted
in such cases, e.g.,
ij.) mi ram t& dehkhlu )
mi ram t’32. raja dehkhlu
I Ram to king will-see
‘I will see Ram as king.1
J
ram raja band / ^^mi ram t3e raja bandu ddikhlu
Ram king becomes ‘I will see Ram becoming king.’
- Ram becomes king.’ ]
hog is needed for preposed adjectivalization also. Thus,
13
5) ram nohnu ca
Ram boy is
- Ram is a boy.1
ram sundar ca
Ram good is
I
‘Ram is good.’
ram sundar n^hnu ca
Ram good boy is
‘Ram is a good boy.’
and so on.
1k>2 is also necessary for adjectivalizing the verbs. For example,
the following sentence:
10) n:)hnu kam kardu holu
Boy work doing will-be
‘The boy mus^ be doing work’
will
is derived from
11) n^hnu – Adj – hc^ – TS
n^hnu kam kard
‘The boy does work.’
n>hnu kam kardu ho2 – TS
(where TS in 10 is future).
Loc ho2*
11) ram dehra holu
Ram home will-be
‘Ram will be home.’
iu
ram iahkh holu
Ram here will-be
‘Ram will be here.’
Is?) “V
ram kal* u chO
Ram dark was
‘Ram was dark.’
mi raja cho
I king am
- I am Icing.1′
VP (the underlined words are VP):
kukur bh’ag g~ae.
Bog flee (ja-TS)
‘The dog fled.’
buhdia s <£hra din apna2.h dehra ma baithiuh r^hdu ch5
Old-man entire day own house in seated remaining was
‘The old man used to remain seated in his house throughout
the day»’
ram iahkh
Ram here came
‘Ram came here.’
ram sera nia
Ram field in came
‘Ram came into the field.’
Loc4- VP (the Loc is underlined):
19) ram dehra gae
Ram home went
1 Ram went home.’
20) ram bhitar gSf.
- Ram went inside.’
21) s’jghra go ma hall a hue gi – – –
Entire village in noise become (ja-TS) – – –
‘The news spread in the entire village – –
TM 4- Loc 4- VP:
22) a.j buhdia ar buhdri. jahkh g^e, hola
Today old-man and. old-woman where gone will-be
‘Nobody knows) where the old man and old w>man might have gone
today.’
Tm, Loc, Man can be moved by an optional transformation.
